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A nameless Persian border design.

Persian Design

A nameless Persian border design.

A nameless Persian border design.

Persian Design

A nameless Persian border design.

A nameless Persian border design.

Persian Design

A nameless Persian border design.

"Persian bas-relief, from Pesepolis." —D'Anvers, 1895

Persian bas-relief

"Persian bas-relief, from Pesepolis." —D'Anvers, 1895

The fate of the Persian Embassadors at Sparta.

Persian Embassador

The fate of the Persian Embassadors at Sparta.

The inner courtyard of the Persian Palace.

Persian Palace

The inner courtyard of the Persian Palace.

"The name of a Babylonian god, who, in the first year of the foundation of Babylon, is said to have come out of the Persian Gulf, or the old Erythraean Sea, adjoining Babylon. He is described as having the head and body of a fish, to which were added a human head and feet under the fish's head and at the sail. He lived amongst men during the daytime, without, however, taking any food, and retired at sunset to the sea, from which he had emerged." — Chambers, 1881

Oannes

"The name of a Babylonian god, who, in the first year of the foundation of Babylon, is said to have…

"Ancient Persian Bag-pipes" — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Ancient Persian Bagpipe

"Ancient Persian Bag-pipes" — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history. The Persians, in the time of Cyrus the Younger, bore an eagle on a spear as a standard. The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four, and confined themselves to the first." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Eagle

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history.…

"Ancient Persian bag-pipe." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Bag-Pipe

"Ancient Persian bag-pipe." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"Brass Vase, pierced and gilt; 17th century Persian work." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Brass Vase

"Brass Vase, pierced and gilt; 17th century Persian work." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

"Colonnades of the Persian palace at Persepolis." -Breasted, 1914

Persian Palace

"Colonnades of the Persian palace at Persepolis." -Breasted, 1914

Tombs of the Persian Kings Darius and Cyrus.

Persian Tombs

Tombs of the Persian Kings Darius and Cyrus.

Soldiers of the Persian bodyguard. From frieze in the audience hall of Darius at Susa.

Persian Soldiers

Soldiers of the Persian bodyguard. From frieze in the audience hall of Darius at Susa.

"A Persian boat (as shown on old monuments)." -Foster, 1921

Persian Boat

"A Persian boat (as shown on old monuments)." -Foster, 1921

Cuneiform script.

Cuneiform

Cuneiform script.

The Ancient Persian Throne was decorated to represent a king sitting on his throne borne-up by slaves.

Ancient Persian Throne

The Ancient Persian Throne was decorated to represent a king sitting on his throne borne-up by slaves.

A Parsi, sometimes spelled Parsee, is a member of a Zoroastrian community based primarily in the Indian subcontinent. All Parsis outside of India identify either India or Pakistan as their home country or country of ancestral origin. Parsis are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to the Indian subcontinent over 1,000 years ago.

A Parsi of Bombay

A Parsi, sometimes spelled Parsee, is a member of a Zoroastrian community based primarily in the Indian…

The Tomb of Cyrus is the burial place of the ancient Cyrus the Great of Persia. Cyrus the Great was a Persian Shahenshah (or Emperor), who founded of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. This empire thence expanded under his rule, as Cyrus eventually conquered the majority of Southwest Asia as well as much of Central Asia, from Egypt and the Hellespont to the Indus River in the east, to create the most expansive nation the world had seen up until that era.

Tomb of Cryus

The Tomb of Cyrus is the burial place of the ancient Cyrus the Great of Persia. Cyrus the Great was…

The tsymbaly or santir is a dulcimer or chordophone used in the Ukraine and the Middle East.

Tsymbaly

The tsymbaly or santir is a dulcimer or chordophone used in the Ukraine and the Middle East.

Chess is a recreational and competitive game played between two players. Sometimes called Western chess or international chess to distinguish it from its predecessors and other chess variants, the current form of the game emerged in Southern Europe during the second half of the 15th century after evolving from similar, much older games of Indian and Persian origin. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs, online, by correspondence, and in tournaments.

Chess Board

Chess is a recreational and competitive game played between two players. Sometimes called Western chess…

A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify felids at present, and some authorities classify them as part of the genus Felis. The Caracal, despite sometimes being called Persian Lynx or African Lynx, does not belong to this genus. Lynx have short tails and characteristic tufts of black hair on the tip of the ears. They have a ruff under the neck, which has black bars (not very visible), resembling a bow tie. They have large paws padded for walking on snow and long whiskers on the face. The body color varies from medium brown to gold-ish to beige-white; and occasionally, is marked with dark brown spots, especially on the limbs. All species of lynx also have white fur on their chests, bellies and on the insides of their legs which are extensions of the chest and belly fur. Also, the lynx's coloring, fur height and paw size varies by its climate range- in the Southwest US, the fur and color are short-haired, dark and the paws are smaller and less padded, as the lynx ranges to its colder Northern climes, the fur gets progressively thicker (for warmth), the color gets lighter (for camouflage) and its paws enlarge and become more padded for snowy environments.

Lynx

A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the genus Lynx, but there is considerable…

Persepolitan architecture is noted for its use of wooden columns. Architects resorted to stone only when the largest cedars of Lebanon or teak trees of India did not fulfill the required sizes. Column bases and capitals were made of stone, even on wooden shafts, but the existence of wooden capitals is probable.

Column from Persepolis

Persepolitan architecture is noted for its use of wooden columns. Architects resorted to stone only…

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, his wife and sister. The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyrus and Pythius. It stood approximately 45 metres (135 ft) in height, and each of the four sides was adorned with sculptural reliefs created by each one of four Greek sculptors — Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas of Paros and Timotheus. The finished structure was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum,…

The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the 'Triregnum', and in Italian as the 'Triregno', is the three-tiered jewelled papal crown, supposedly of Byzantine and Persian origin, that is a prominent symbol of the papacy. The Supreme Pontiff's arms have featured a "tiara" since ancient times, notably in combination with Saint Peter's crossed keys.

Papal Tiara

The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the 'Triregnum', and in Italian as the…

A representation of an Assyrian griffin that adorned their buildings prior to the Persian conquest.

Sculptured Griffin from the Sculptures in the Ruins of Nineveh

A representation of an Assyrian griffin that adorned their buildings prior to the Persian conquest.

Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire during the Achaemenid dynasty. Persepolis is situated 70 km northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as Takht-e Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid) and Parseh. To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Pārsa, meaning "The City of Persians".

Ruins of Persepolis

Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire during the Achaemenid dynasty. Persepolis…

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel, rises a slender cup, supporting a lofty member with double volutes or scrolls on the four sides, which correspond with those of the Grecian Ionic capitals, but which are introduced not horizontally but perpendicularly. The base consists of fillets and a leaf-covered torus resting on a circular path.

Volute of the Persian Column

Other capitals are more compact, where from the lower part, which is in the shape of a globular vessel,…

The Persian interlacement band was found on a metal vessel. It's an oriental style that exhibits greater variety of shapes with round forms.

Persian Interlacement Band

The Persian interlacement band was found on a metal vessel. It's an oriental style that exhibits greater…

The persepolis rosette band is a persian pattern of a flower.

Persepolis Rosette Band

The persepolis rosette band is a persian pattern of a flower.

The Ancient Persian capital is a design of the fore-parts of bulls. It is an Old Persian style that is categorized under abnormal capitals.

Ancient Persian Capital

The Ancient Persian capital is a design of the fore-parts of bulls. It is an Old Persian style that…

An illustration of a Persian capital. In several traditions of architecture including Classical architecture, the capital (from the Latin caput, 'head') forms the crowning member of a column or a pilaster. The capital projects on each side as it rises, in order to support the abacus and unite the form of the latter (normally square) with the circular shaft of the column.

Persian Capital

An illustration of a Persian capital. In several traditions of architecture including Classical architecture,…

The Persian enamel pattern is a design that uses metal fillets that are filled with pulverized colored glass paste.

Persian Enamel Pattern

The Persian enamel pattern is a design that uses metal fillets that are filled with pulverized colored…

This old Persian jar is made with a repousse copper technique. It is a metalworking technique shaped by hammering from the reverse side.

Old Persian Jar

This old Persian jar is made with a repousse copper technique. It is a metalworking technique shaped…

This Persian bottle is made out of clay. It has an elongated neck with a rounded bottom and ring foot.

Persian Bottle

This Persian bottle is made out of clay. It has an elongated neck with a rounded bottom and ring foot.

The Persian bottle is made out of damaskeened (form of inlaying) metal.

Persian Bottle

The Persian bottle is made out of damaskeened (form of inlaying) metal.

"One of an order of beings, the life-principles or geniuses or tutelary spirits of living beings, believed in and reverenced by the ancient Persians, adherents of the Zoroastrian religion. (Also) a name given ... to a symbol seen on monuments of ancient Persian origin, representing a winged circle, with or without a manlike figure in it, hovering over the head of a king or other person, and believed by some to represent his tutelary spirit." -Whitney, 1911

Feloher from Nineveh

"One of an order of beings, the life-principles or geniuses or tutelary spirits of living beings, believed…

An illustration of a Persian man.

Persian Man

An illustration of a Persian man.

An illustration of a man and woman talking.

Man and Woman Talking

An illustration of a man and woman talking.

An illustration of a woman introducing a man to her husband.

Woman Introducing Man

An illustration of a woman introducing a man to her husband.

An illustration of a Persian man holding a lamp and bowing.

Persian Man Bowing

An illustration of a Persian man holding a lamp and bowing.

An illustration of a hieroglyphic depicting captive insurgents being brought before Darius.

Captive Insurgents Brought Before Darius

An illustration of a hieroglyphic depicting captive insurgents being brought before Darius.

An illustration of Mithradates VI on the face of a coin. Mithradates VI was king of Pontus in northern Anatolia (now in Turkey) from about 119 to 63 BC. Mithradates was a king of Greek and Persian origin, claimed descent from Alexander the Great and King Darius I of Persia.

Mithradates VI Coin

An illustration of Mithradates VI on the face of a coin. Mithradates VI was king of Pontus in northern…

Color flag of Bahrain. Red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam.

Flag of Bahrain, 2009

Color flag of Bahrain. Red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated…

Black and white outline flag of Bahrain. Red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam

Flag of Bahrain, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Bahrain. Red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states,…

Color flag of Morocco. Red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf; design dates to 1912.

Flag of Morocco, 2009

Color flag of Morocco. Red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's)…

Black and white outline flag of Morocco. Red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf; design dates to 1912

Flag of Morocco, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Morocco. Red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known…

A Persian man weaves a carpet, an important part of Persian art and culture.

Persian Rug Weaver

A Persian man weaves a carpet, an important part of Persian art and culture.

"Caracal, a species of lynx; a native of Northern Africa and Southwestern Asia. It is about the size of a fox, and mostly of a deep-brown color, having tufts of long black hair which terminate the ears. It possesses great strength and fierceness." -Vaughan, 1906

Caracal with Prey

"Caracal, a species of lynx; a native of Northern Africa and Southwestern Asia. It is about the size…

A plan of Persepolis, near Shiraz, Iran, from the time of Darius I (549–486 BC) until the downfall of the Achaemenid dynasty (330 BC). This is an example of Persian architecture of the time. "The plan shows the general configuration of the platform on which the palaces of Persepolis are built, which covered an area of about1,600,000 sq. ft. The principal approach to it was at the north–west end." — The Enctclopædia Britannica, a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, 1910.

Plan of Persepolis, 513 BC

A plan of Persepolis, near Shiraz, Iran, from the time of Darius I (549–486 BC) until the downfall…

This is a plan of the Hall of Xerxes in Persepolis, near Shiraz, Iran. This is the plan of he palace according to Mr. Weld Blundell. This is an example of Persian architecture. The scale is in feet.

Plan of the Hall of Xerxes, 485–465 BC

This is a plan of the Hall of Xerxes in Persepolis, near Shiraz, Iran. This is the plan of he palace…

Commonly called Persian Lilac, White Cedar, Chinaberry or Bead Tree, Lunumidella, Ceylon Cedar, Melia azedarach(syn. M. australis, M. japonica, M. sempervivens, M. dubia ), is a deciduous tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae, native to India, southern China and Australia. In South Africa it is commonly but erroneously called Syringa, which is in fact the lilac genus. The genus Melia includes four other species, occurring from southeast Asia to northern Australia. They are all deciduous or semi-evergreen trees.

Persian Lilac

Commonly called Persian Lilac, White Cedar, Chinaberry or Bead Tree, Lunumidella, Ceylon Cedar, Melia…

This persian lilac is a shrub featuring lance-like leaves.

Syringa Persica

This persian lilac is a shrub featuring lance-like leaves.

"The temple of Diana was the chief glory of the city. The style was Grecian. The length of the ground-plan was four-hundred and twenty-five feet and the breadth two-hundred and twenty feet. The structure was thus four times as large as the Pantheon at Athens. The statue of the goddess was one of the finest works of art ever produced. It was wrought of ivory and gold, and was a marvel of costliness and beauty. The temple was decorated with sculptures by Praxiteles and one of the masterpieces of Apelles. A representation of the temple was stamped on the coins and medals of the city."—Ridpath, 1885

Temple of Diana at Ephesus

"The temple of Diana was the chief glory of the city. The style was Grecian. The length of the ground-plan…

An image depicting an ancient city of the Persian, Parthian, and Elamite empires of Iran.

Ancient Susa

An image depicting an ancient city of the Persian, Parthian, and Elamite empires of Iran.

Battle fought between two brothers, Cyrus the Younger and Arsaces. Cyrus managed to collect eleven thousand Greek soldiers, and went into battle for the Persian throne his elder brother had recently occupied.

Battle of Cunaxa

Battle fought between two brothers, Cyrus the Younger and Arsaces. Cyrus managed to collect eleven thousand…

"Here [Darius] was assassinated by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria. He was discovered by Alexander in a dying condition by the roadside. He asked for a cup of water, thanked the giver, and died. And with him died the Empire of the Persians."—Ridpath, 1885

Alexander Discovers the Body of Darius

"Here [Darius] was assassinated by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria. He was discovered by Alexander in…

Also known as Ranunculus asiaticus. A herbaceous perennial plant with red or pink flowers. The stems are simple and branched at the base. They generally bloom in May and June.

Persian Buttercup

Also known as Ranunculus asiaticus. A herbaceous perennial plant with red or pink flowers. The stems…

A soldier of the Persian army.

Persian Soldier

A soldier of the Persian army.

"Near the southern extremity of the plain of Marathon rises a conical mound, 30 feet high. it covers the remains of the 192 Greeks who fell in the battle. Excavations undertaken in 1890-1891 disclosed ashes, human bones and fragments of pottery belonging to the era of the Persian wars."—Webster, 1913

The Mound at Marathon

"Near the southern extremity of the plain of Marathon rises a conical mound, 30 feet high. it covers…